Food asphyxiation occurs when food blocks the airway, preventing normal breathing—a life-threatening emergency known as a food obstructed airway1. In the U.S., over 5,000 deaths annually result from choking, with children aged 1–3 years facing the highest risk2. This dangerous situation can happen to anyone, but certain groups are more vulnerable, like infants, older adults, and those with medical conditions like dysphagia1.
Every year, hard candies, grapes, and hot dogs top the list of choking hazards for children under 4, while older adults over 65 face risks due to weakened swallowing and dental changes2. Immediate action—like abdominal thrusts—can save lives, yet delays of just minutes risk permanent harm2. Over 4.6 million Americans learn CPR and first aid annually through the American Red Cross, highlighting the demand for lifesaving skills2.
Key Takeaways
- Food choking causes over 5,000 U.S. deaths yearly2.
- Children 1–3 years old face the highest choking risk2.
- Hard candies and hot dogs are top choking dangers for young children21.
- Older adults with swallowing issues need extra care during meals1.
- Quick intervention like back blows doubles survival chances2.
Understanding Food Asphyxiation
Food asphyxiation, or food-related asphyxia, happens when food blocks the airway, stopping oxygen flow to the brain. This blockage can lead to brain damage or death within minutes3. Knowing the risks helps prevent tragedies.
Definition of Food Asphyxiation
Food choking risk arises when food pieces get stuck in the throat or trachea. Hard, round, or sticky foods are top culprits3. For example, hot dogs and grapes pose dangers if not cut properly. The blockage starves the body of oxygen, making quick action vital.
Common Causes
- Hard foods like nuts or candies
- Round foods such as grapes or cherry tomatoes
- Stick foods such as gummy candies
Data shows nearly 19,000 U.S. deaths from asphyxiation occurred in 2016 alone4. Children under 5 face the highest risk due to smaller airways and underdeveloped chewing skills3.
Who is at Risk?
| Risk Group | Main Hazards |
|---|---|
| Infants/Toddlers | Small toys or uncut foods |
| Elderly | Soft foods like marshmallows |
| People with swallowing disorders | Difficulty managing textured foods |
“Prevention starts with cutting high-risk foods into small pieces,” states the American Red Cross.
Adults with dentures may also struggle to chew properly, increasing the food choking risk3. Education and awareness are key to protecting these groups.
The Anatomy of Choking
Understanding how food obstructed airway occurs starts with knowing the body’s airway anatomy. When swallowing, food should move to the stomach via the esophagus. But when food blocks the trachea instead, it cuts off oxygen5. This blockage can happen in seconds, leading to life-threatening consequences.
How Choking Occurs
A food blockage in airway starts when food bypasses the esophagus. For example, small, firm foods like peanuts or hot dogs can wedge in the airway65. Each year, 4,500 to 5,000 U.S. deaths result from this blockage5. Devices like the LifeVac, with a 94% dislodgement rate on first use5, aim to clear obstructions quickly.
The Role of Airway Obstruction
- Partial blockages cause weak coughing or wheezing but still allow some airflow5.
- Complete blockages silence the victim, making them unable to breathe, speak, or cough effectively6.
Even small food particles can swell and worsen blockages. For children, 80% of choking incidents involve food like hot dogs or candy6.
Signs That Someone is Choking
Watch for these food choking signals:
- Clutching the throat
- High-pitched breathing sounds
- Lips or face turning blue (cyanosis, seen in 15-20% of cases7)
If someone can’t speak or cough strongly, act immediately. Unlike gagging—a normal reflex—choking involves silent distress7.
Rapid action is critical: brain damage starts in 3 minutes without air7. Recognizing these signs saves lives.
Symptoms of Food Asphyxiation
Recognizing food asphyxiation symptoms early can save lives. Immediate signs of food choking vary depending on whether the airway is partially or fully blocked. Partial blockages might allow weak coughing or high-pitched noises, while complete blockages cause silence and clutching at the throat8.
“Symptoms like blue lips or loss of consciousness signal a medical emergency,” states the CDC, noting that suffocation caused 18,924 U.S. deaths in 20189.
- Inability to speak or cry for help
- Bluish skin or lips (cyanosis)
- Weak cough or noisy breathing
- Sudden silence during eating in children8
If untreated, food inhalation risk leads to severe outcomes. Oxygen deprivation after 4-6 minutes risks brain damage8. Persistent symptoms like trouble swallowing or anxiety around eating may signal psychological trauma10. Aspiration pneumonia can develop if food enters lungs, requiring urgent care9.
Act fast if these food asphyxiation symptoms appear. Quick action saves lives—don’t wait for symptoms to worsen.
Prevention Strategies
Simple habits can turn everyday meals into safe experiences. To reduce food asphyxiation risks, focus on mindful eating practices and environment adjustments. Here’s how to create a safer dining routine for all ages.
Tips for Safe Eating
- Cut foods like grapes, hot dogs, and carrots into bite-sized pieces to lower food choking risk11.
- Sit upright during meals and avoid distractions like phones or toys to stay aware of chewing and swallowing12.
- Offer soft, moist foods to toddlers and ensure small children are always supervised during meals12.
The Importance of Chewing
Thoroughly chewing food until it’s soft prevents blockages in the throat. Children under 4 often swallow too quickly—teach them to chew 15-20 times per mouthful11. Proper chewing mixes saliva with food, making it easier to swallow and reducing food choking prevention challenges. Adults with dentures or jaw issues should consult a dentist to avoid swallowing difficulties11.
Eating Habits to Avoid
Steer clear of these behaviors to minimize food choking risk:
- Eating while walking, lying down, or laughing with food in the mouth12.
- Skipping chewing: swallowing large pieces of meat, nuts, or candy increases choking chances11.
- Offering hard candies or gum to kids under 5, as they’re top choking hazards11.
First Aid for Choking
Knowing how to act during a food choking emergency could save a life. Here’s what to do when someone experiences a food blockage in airway or food obstructed airway.
- For infants under 1 year: Use back blows and chest thrusts. Avoid the Heimlich maneuver, which can cause internal injuries13.
- For adults and children over 1: Perform abdominal thrusts by wrapping your arms around the waist and thrusting inward above the navel14.
- If the person becomes unconscious, begin CPR and check the mouth for food blocking the airway.
When to Call Emergency Services
Call 911 immediately if the person can’t breathe, speak, or cough. Always alert responders if the choking involves a food obstructed airway in children under five—this group faces higher risks due to underdeveloped teeth and chewing skills14. Provide clear details about the victim’s age and condition while waiting for help.
Training matters: Over 60 deaths in Australia in 2015 were linked to choking, emphasizing the need for certified first aid certification14. Take courses covering infant and child CPR to handle emergencies confidently.
Food Choices and Safety
Choosing the right foods can greatly reduce food-related asphyxia risks. Small, round, or hard items pose the highest food choking risk, especially for young children15.
High-Risk Foods for Asphyxiation
Common culprits include:
- Round foods like grapes and cherry tomatoes16.
- Hard items such as raw carrots, nuts, and hard candy15.
- Small, firm foods like popcorn kernels and gum16.
“Cut grapes and cherry tomatoes lengthwise to prevent airway blockage.” — American Academy of Pediatrics16
Safe Alternatives to Consider
Modify risky foods using these strategies:
| High-Rish Foods | Safe Modifications |
|---|---|
| Hot dogs | Cut into small, quartered pieces15 |
| Nuts | Grind into spreads or use nut butters16 |
| Raw veggies | Steam or cook until soft16 |
Opt for brands like Gerber for age-appropriate snacks and Munchkin’s child-safe feeding utensils. Always avoid food inhalation risk by supervising meals and adjusting textures for developmental stages15. Proper preparation turns risky foods into safe options, ensuring meals stay both nourishing and secure.
Choking in Children
Food choking prevention is crucial for children, especially those under age 4. Their smaller airways and developing motor skills make them more vulnerable to food choking risk. Every year, over 3,000 U.S. children visit emergency rooms due to choking incidents17.
Unique Risks for Young Children
Young children face unique food choking dangers. Their airways are narrower, and swallowing coordination is still developing18. Common triggers include round foods like grapes and hard candies, which account for 60% of incidents17. Distracted eating—like playing while snacking—increases the chance of blockages. Infants and toddlers also face risks from small toys or coins18.
How to Encourage Safe Eating Habits
Simple steps can reduce food choking risk. Follow these tips:
- Always cut grapes, hot dogs, and carrots into small, coin-shaped pieces.
- Avoid hard candies, nuts, and popcorn until age 417.
- Supervise meals and enforce “sit while eating” rules to reduce distractions.
| Risky Foods | Safe Alternatives |
|---|---|
| Whole grapes | Halved or sliced grapes |
| Hard candies | Soft fruit like bananas or applesauce |
| Raw veggies | Cooked, softened veggies like carrots |
Teach kids to chew thoroughly and model good eating habits. The American Academy of Pediatrics advises avoiding high-risk foods until age 4 to lower food choking chances17.
Educational Resources
Building skills to handle food choking emergencies starts with accessible education. Classes and programs teach life-saving techniques while connecting families to vital safety information.
Classes for CPR and First Aid
Hands-on training through certified programs helps prepare for emergencies. Organizations like the American Red Cross and American Heart Association offer courses covering the Heimlich maneuver and CPR for food asphyxiation19. Courses often include:
- Step-by-step rescue techniques for blocked airways
- Practice scenarios simulating food choking incidents
- Certification valid for two years
Many hospitals and community centers provide low-cost or free sessions to ensure everyone can access training20.
Community Programs on Safety
Local initiatives bridge gaps in food choking prevention knowledge. Programs like J.T.’s Law workshops teach parents to identify high-risk foods like grapes and nuts20. Key resources include:
| Program | Focus Area |
|---|---|
| Parenting classes | Safe food cutting techniques for toddlers |
| Childcare provider training | Emergency response drills and choking hazard checks |
Supervise children during meals to reduce choking risks. AAP guidelines recommend cutting foods into pea-sized pieces for kids under 421.
Online tools like AAP’s choking hazard checklist or CDC videos show how to adapt meals safely19. Combining training with community resources creates a network of prepared families and caregivers.
The Role of Caregivers
For those supporting vulnerable individuals, caregivers play a critical role in reducing food choking risk. Proper training ensures they can recognize hazards and act swiftly during emergencies. Over 40% of home care providers admit hesitation around mealtime due to safety concerns22. Here’s how to build a safer dining environment:
Training for Home Care Providers
Effective training programs focus on three key areas:
- Mealtime supervision techniques to spot food asphyxiation signs early23.
- Modifying food textures using blenders or sieves to achieve safe consistencies22.
- Emergency response drills for choking incidents.
Data shows caregivers who received training reduced choking incidents by 40%22. Training also addresses psychological factors: 74% of dementia caregivers report higher stress when managing dysphagia23.
Best Practices for Eating with Others
A structured approach ensures safety during communal meals. Key strategies include:
- Positioning individuals upright at 90 degrees during meals22.
- Limiting distractions like TV or phones during dining23.
- Monitoring swallow timing to avoid rushed eating22.
Mealtime routines must adapt to individual needs. For example:
| Strategy | Frequency in Caregiver Reports |
|---|---|
| Homogeneous food consistency | 10% of caregiver strategies22 |
| Posture adjustments | 12.5% of observed practices22 |
| Mealtime supervision techniques | 12.5% of caregiver responses22 |
“Speech therapy consultation is essential for managing dysphagia risks.”
Over 80% of caregivers requested more speech therapy support for their patients22.
Regular training updates and open communication between caregivers ensure consistency in food choking prevention protocols. Small adjustments like these save lives and reduce caregiver burden by 30%23.
Conclusion: Staying Vigilant and Informed
Okay, let’s tackle this. The user wants me to create the final section 11 of an article about food asphyxiation. The key points here are to wrap up the article, incorporate the given keywords, use the provided data from the three links, and make sure everything is SEO-friendly.
First, I need to recall the structure. The previous sections have covered definitions, causes, symptoms, prevention, first aid, and specific risks for children and caregivers. The conclusion needs to recap key points without repeating too much, encourage safe practices, and include the keywords: food choking prevention, food asphyxiation, food inhalation risk.
Looking at the data from the sources: Link 1 mentions stats like brain damage in 4-6 minutes, high-risk foods, and the Heimlich maneuver details. Link 2 talks about BLW studies and choking risks, and Link 3 has info on choking leading to deaths in under-fives, oxygen deprivation, and food hazards.
The conclusion should start with an H2 heading as specified. The user mentioned avoiding words like “Conclusion” or “Section,” so maybe start with something like “Staying Vigilant and Informed” as per the H2 title given.
The first part needs a brief intro before the H3s. The first H3 is “Recap of Key Points.” Here, I need to summarize the main points without repeating too much. Mention the importance of knowing signs, prevention strategies, and proper first aid techniques. Include keywords naturally here.
Next, the second H3 is “Encouraging Safe Dining Practices.” Here, emphasize taking steps like cutting food properly, supervising children, and seeking training. Mention the statistics about high-risk foods from Link 1 and 3, and maybe the BLW study from Link 2 to reinforce safe practices.
I need to ensure keywords like food choking prevention and food asphyxiation are included. Also, integrate the stats with the correct kkk tags. For example, mentioning the 4-6 minute brain damage timeframe (Link 1) and the fact that children under 4 are at higher risk (from Link 3).
Wait, the user also wants to avoid using “congratulations” or “thanks.” Keep the tone friendly. Use short paragraphs. Let me check the Flesch-Kincaid grade level. Sentences should be simple, around 8th-9th grade reading level. Avoid complex words.
Also, ensure that each statistic is properly cited with the correct kkk number. For instance, when talking about children under 4, that’s from Link 1 and 3. The Heimlich maneuver details from Link 1 and 3.
Wait, the user provided three links. Let me check the data again:
Link1’s data includes things like brain damage in 4-6 minutes, the Heimlich for over 1yo, and the study on BLW. Link2’s data includes BLW study results and the French committee’s stance. Link3 has the leading cause of death in under-5s, oxygen deprivation, and food hazards.
Need to make sure that when citing stats from each, the correct kkk tags are used. For example, if I mention that choking is a leading cause of death in under 5s, that’s from Link3, so kkk3.
Also, the keywords should be spread out. Let me plan the structure:
H2: Conclusion: Staying Vigilant and Informed
Intro paragraph: Briefly mention the importance of staying informed and taking steps to prevent choking. Maybe start with a sentence about how knowledge and preparedness are key. Include “food asphyxiation” here.
First H3: Recap of Key Points. Here, summarize that food asphyxiation is a serious issue, common causes, at-risk groups (kids and elderly), as per Link3’s data on older adults and neurological disorders). Mention the choking signs and first aid techniques. Use keywords like “food choking prevention” and “food inhalation risk.”
Second H3: Encouraging Safe Dining Practices. Here, talk about practical steps: cutting food into small pieces (Link1’s data on grapes, etc.), supervising kids, and training. Mention the study from Link2 that BLW isn’t more risky, so maybe suggest using safe methods like cutting foods properly. Also, mention the importance of education and training.
Need to include the stats where relevant. For example, when talking about high-risk foods, cite the data from Link1 and 3. When discussing BLW, reference Link2’s info that BLW isn’t more likely to cause choking.
Check the word count. The total should be between 100-300 words. Let me estimate. Each paragraph shouldn’t be too long.
Make sure each H3 is followed by a paragraph, not placed immediately after H2. Start with an intro paragraph after H2, then H3s with their own paragraphs.
Now, check for keyword density. The keywords are “food choking prevention,” “food asphyxiation,” “food inhalation risk.” Let’s see how many times to use them. Since the word count is around 200-300, using each keyword 1-2 times should hit 1-2% density.
Avoiding conjunctive adverbs like “however” or “moreover”. Keep sentences short.
Now, putting it all together step by step.
Start with the H2 title as given. Then an intro paragraph that mentions the importance of staying informed, using “food asphyxiation” and “food choking prevention”.
Then the first H3: Recap of Key Points. Here, summarize key points from previous sections but in a new way. Mention that choking can lead to brain damage quickly (from Link1’s data), so add kkk1 here). The high-risk groups: kids under 4 (from Link1 and 3), and older adults with swallowing issues (from Link3). Mention the Heimlich and infant techniques (from Link1 and 3’s data).
Next H3: Encouraging Safe Dining Practices. Talk about cutting food into small pieces (like grapes and hot dogs, citing Link1 and 3’s data. Mention supervision during meals (Link3’s data on supervision being essential. Also, mention the BLW study from Link2 that it’s safe if done right, so parents can feel confident.
End with a call to action to take courses, stay informed, and share info.
Check that all kkk references are correctly placed. For example, when stating the 4-6 minute brain damage, that’s from Link1, so kkk1. The part about BLW study results from Link2 would use kkk2. The part about choking being a leading cause in under 5s uses Link3, so kkk3.
Make sure each paragraph is short. Avoid markdown except for the tags. Use paragraphs with
tags.
Wait, the user said to use short paragraphs, so maybe two paragraphs before the H3s? No, the structure requires H3s. Wait the structure given in the current section 11 has two H3s: Recap and Encouraging. The user’s example in the current section’s detailed notes says to have an introductory passage before the H3s. So after H2, there should be a short intro paragraph, then the first H3 with its paragraph, then the second H3 with its paragraph.
Let me structure:
Conclusion: Staying Vigilant and Informed
Intro paragraph here about importance of knowledge and preparedness, mention keywords.
Recap of Key Points
Here, summarize key points like choking risks, signs, prevention (cutting food, supervision), and first aid. Cite the data points with kkk tags where appropriate.
Encouraging Safe Dining Practices
Talk about practical steps: cutting food into small pieces (cite Link3’s data on grapes, etc. and Link1’s info on choking hazards. Mention BLW study from Link2 that it’s safe if done properly. Also, encourage training and sharing info.
Also, ensure the keywords are included naturally. Maybe “food choking prevention” in the recap, “food asphyxiation” in the intro, and “food inhalation risk” in the recap or practices.
Check for keyword density. Let’s count. Suppose the total words are around 200. If each keyword is used 2 times, that’s 3 keywords * 2 = 6 instances. 6/200 is 3%, which is over 2%. Hmm, maybe use them once each. Let me see:
“food asphyxiation” once, “food choking prevention” once, “food inhalation risk” once. That would be 3 instances in 200 words, which is 1.5%, which is okay.
Wait, the user said “food inhalation risk” as a keyword. Need to include that. Maybe in the recap part: “food inhalation risk” when discussing the dangers.
Need to ensure that the kkk tags are correctly placed. For example, when mentioning the 4-6 minutes, add kkk1. When talking about BLW study, use kkk2. When mentioning kids under 4, cite kkk1 and 3.
Wait, let me go through each point step by step.
First paragraph after H2: Maybe start with something like “Preventing food asphyxiation requires awareness and action. Knowing the risks and knowing how to respond saves lives. By following food choking prevention strategies, you can reduce the food inhalation risk for all ages.” That uses the keywords.
Then the first H3: Recap. The paragraph here would summarize key points from previous sections. For example, “Key points include recognizing choking signs quickly, since oxygen deprivation can cause brain damage in 4-6 minutes24. High-risk groups include children under 42425 and adults with swallowing issues. The Heimlich maneuver is for over 1yo, while infants need back blows24.”
Second H3: Encouraging… paragraph: “Safe dining starts with cutting foods like grapes into pieces25. Training in first aid and sharing knowledge with others. Studies show baby-led weaning is safe when done carefully26.”
Wait, but need to make sure each statistic’s source is correctly noted. For example, the part about BLW not being more risky comes from Link2’s data, so use kkk2.
Also, the data from Link3 about choking being a leading cause of death in under-5s should be mentioned with kkk3.
I need to structure all this concisely in the paragraphs. Also, avoid using “Moreover” or other forbidden words. Keep sentences short.
Now, putting it all together in HTML tags, ensuring each paragraph is within
tags and H3s are correctly placed. Check that the kkk tags are correctly appended after sentences with the data.
Let me draft:
Start with H2:
Conclusion: Staying Vigilant and Informed
Preventing food asphyxiation starts with understanding risks and knowing how to respond. Every year, choking incidents highlight the need for food choking prevention. Simple steps like cutting food properly and learning first aid can save lives.
Recap of Key Points
Choking risks arise from small, round foods like grapes and hot dogs25, which block airways quickly. Children under four face higher risks due to smaller airways24. Immediate action is critical, as brain damage can occur within 4-6 minutes of oxygen loss24. First aid techniques vary by age: the Heimlich maneuver helps older children and adults, while infants need back blows and chest thrusts24.
Encouraging Safe Dining Practices
Safe eating means cutting foods into small pieces and avoiding round or hard items25. Parents can use baby-led weaning safely by supervising closely; studies show it doesn’t increase choking chances when done properly26. Training in CPR and sharing knowledge with family ensures everyone knows how to act. Prioritizing food safety makes meals both safe and enjoyable for all ages.
Wait, but the keywords need to be included. Let me check:
In the first paragraph, “food asphyxiation” and “food choking prevention” are there.
In the Recap paragraph, keywords: food inhalation risk? Maybe not, but the data points are cited.
Wait, the keywords to include are food choking prevention, food asphyxiation, food inhalation risk. Maybe in the recap paragraph, mention “food inhalation risk” when discussing the dangers.
Alternatively, in the Encouraging section, “food inhalation risk” could be part of the advice. Maybe adjust:
In the recap: “food asphyxiation’s risks” but that might not be the exact keyword. Alternatively, rephrase to include “food inhalation risk” naturally.
Alternatively, maybe in the first paragraph: “food inhalation risk is reduced through proper food prep and supervision.”
Hmm, perhaps in the first paragraph: “food asphyxiation’s dangers can be lessened with food choking prevention measures.”
Alternatively, in the Recap paragraph, mention “food inhalation risk” when talking about high-risk foods.
Wait, the keywords must be included naturally. Let’s see the exact keywords given are:
food choking prevention, food asphyxiation, food inhalation risk.
So “food asphyxiation” is the main term. Maybe start the intro with “food asphyxiation” and “food choking prevention” in the first paragraph.
Now, check for keyword density. Let’s count the keywords:
Sup
Conclusion: Staying Vigilant and Informed
Knowledge is your best defense against food asphyxiation. Every year, thousands of incidents show that food choking prevention starts with awareness. Simple steps like proper food prep and first aid training can stop tragedies before they happen.
Recap of Key Points
Choking risks spike with small, round foods like grapes or hard candies25. Children under four face higher danger due to underdeveloped swallowing skills24. Immediate action matters: brain damage starts within four to six minutes of oxygen loss24. Proper techniques like back blows for infants and Heimlich for older children save lives24.
Encouraging Safe Dining Practices
Protect kids by cutting food into pea-sized pieces and avoiding risky items like whole nuts25. Baby-led weaning works safely when paired with close supervision26. Training in CPR and sharing safety tips with caregivers builds a safer environment. Prioritizing food safety turns meals into moments of joy without fear. Stay informed, stay prepared, and make every bite count.
Source Links
- https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326349
- https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/adult-child-choking?srsltid=AfmBOoqBeKIOyBVRVMeBqtcksa4a82n3GJREhWCgkj15Gtt2jIjAUdr0
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-choking/basics/art-20056637
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24725-asphyxiation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choking
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10811631/
- https://www.emedicinehealth.com/choking/article_em.htm
- https://www.healthline.com/health/food-stuck-in-throat
- https://www.healthline.com/health/asphyxiation
- https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/food-intoxication-asphyxiation-what-to-know-after-teen-son-of-ex-yankees-star-dies/3705779/
- https://www.healthline.com/health/choking-adult-or-child-over-1-year
- https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/injury_prevention/children/fact_sheets/birth-19_years/choking_and_suffocation_prevention_birth-19_years.htm
- https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Safety_Choking_suffocation_strangulation/
- https://www.stjohnvic.com.au/news/choking-first-aid-top-16-dos-donts/
- https://staysafe.org/family-safety/safe-feeding-practices/
- https://www2.hse.ie/babies-children/child-safety/choking-strangulation-suffocation/food-choking-risks/
- https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/choking.html
- https://raisingchildren.net.au/toddlers/safety/choking-strangulation/choking-prevention
- https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/safety-choking.html
- https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/injury_prevention/choking_prevention_for_children.htm
- https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/injury-prevention-program/choking-and-suffocation
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11135044/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6319247/
- https://cprcertificationnow.com/blogs/mycpr-now-blog/what-is-choking
- https://www.hseblog.com/choking-hazard/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10594011/
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